Persevere in the study of literature

“To desert our studies shows want of self-confidence rather than wisdom, for letters do not hinder but aid the properly constituted mind which possesses them; they facilitate our life, they do not retard it.  Just as many kinds of food which lie heavy on an enfeebled and nauseated stomach furnish excellent nourishment for one who is well but famishing, so in our studies many things which are deadly to the weak mind may prove most salutary to an acute and healthy intellect, especially if in our use of both food and learning we exercise proper discretion.”  Petrarch, “To Boccaccio, May 28, 1362,” in The Great Tradition, ed. Richard M. Gamble (Wilmington: ISI, 2007), p. 307.

Francesco Petrarch, known as the father of Renaissance humanism, lived from 1304 to 1374.  Although he studied law, Petrarch spent his life reading the great literature of from antiquity and writing his own works.  He rediscovered Latin texts in monastic libraries and promoted the study of Latin according to Cicero’s style.  However, he also embraced the writings of the New Testament and the Latin Church Fathers (Augustine, Ambrose, Jerome, and Gregory the Great).  In this letter he encourages Boccaccio to persevere in the study of literature instead of renouncing it.  Petrarch defends the idea that one may be truly pious and well-read simultaneously.

 

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Devotion to the Subject

“Devotion to the subject is the one factor which inspires both sound learning and sound teaching.  If one is really keen on a discipline, one’s enthusiasm will usually communicate itself to the students.  Even if they do not share it (perhaps because they will find the subject itself dull and repellent) they will at least become aware of the wider possibilities of intellectual adventure.” Gilbert Highet. The Immortal Profession. New York, 1976. 

Gilbert Highet taught classics at Oxford and Columbia for forty years during the mid-twentieth century.  Based upon his experience as a professor, this book contains his wisdom on teaching and learning.  This quote demonstrates the significant role that the teacher’s passion for the subject plays in the classroom.  Professors must model devotion to their discipline for their students.  Notice, the professor does not direct his or her devotion primarily to the student but the subject.

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Grades, Teaching and Learning

 This post differs from most of my posts here.  The quotes below are from a recent article from the Chronicle of Higher Education on the topic of grading and the college student.

“Consider a car’s speedometer. It is a tool that performs two interrelated functions: (1) It measures speed, and (2) it communicates that information to the driver. In a somewhat similar way, grading is a tool that also performs two interrelated functions: (1) It assesses academic performance, and (2) it communicates that information to the student. When driving, you glance at the speedometer to determine the speed of the vehicle—if it is what you want, you try to maintain it; if not, you make appropriate adjustments. That is analogous to how students are supposed to use, and benefit from, whatever it is that their grades are telling them.” [Italics in original]

“Since grades have only instrumental value—rather than any intrinsic value—they must be treated as only means to some end, and never as ends in themselves. I tell my students: If your primary goal in college is to receive good grades, you will probably view the required work as an onerous obstacle and you’re not likely to feel very motivated to do the work. But you are most likely to receive good grades when you are so focused on learning that grades have ceased to matter.”

“Learning is never directly caused by anything that a professor does. It happens as a result of the student’s own activities (reading, thinking, writing, etc.), while the professor can only facilitate that process. Since the responsibility for learning lies with the student, so does the burden of demonstrating that he or she has actually achieved that learning.”

“I try to help my students realize that learning is its own reward. No amount of accolades, trophies, diplomas, and money can equal the worth of one’s actual learning. It is impossible to reduce the full richness or value of a genuine learning experience to something as bland as a letter grade.”

Author: Ahmed Afzaal, http://chronicle.com/article/GradingIts-Discontents/132789/

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Life, Liberty and Possessions

“But though this be a state of liberty, yet it is not a state of license; though man in that state have an uncontrollable liberty to dispose of his person and possessions, yet he has not liberty to destroy himself, or so much as any creature in his possession, but where some nobler use than its bare preservation calls for it.  The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which obliges everyone; and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind who will but consult it, that, being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions.  For men being all the workmanship of one omnipotent and infinitely wise Maker–all the servants of one sovereign Master, sent into the world by His order, and about His business–they are His property, whose workmanship they are, made to last during His, not one another’s pleasure; and being furnished with like faculties, sharing all in one community of nature, there cannot be supposed any such subordination among us, that may authorize us to destroy one another, as if we were made for one another’s uses, as the inferior ranks of creatures are for ours.  Everyone, as he is bound to preserve himself, and not to quit his station willfully, so, by the like reason, when his own preservation comes not in competition, ought he, as much as he can, to preserve the rest of mankind, and not, unless it be to do justice on an offender, take away or impair the life, or what tends to the preservation of life, the liberty, health, limb, or goods of another.” John Locke, An Essay Concerning the True Original, Extent and End of Civil Government, ed. Edwin A. Burtt, The English Philosophers from Bacon to Mill (New York: Random, 1939), p. 405. [Emphasis added]

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Greediness Pretends to be Liberality

“There are, though, many especially those greedy for renown and glory, who steal from one group the very money that they lavish upon another.  They think that they will appear beneficent towards their friends if they enrich them by any method whatsoever.  But that is so far from being a duty that in fact nothing could be more opposed to duty.  We should therefore see that the liberality we exercise in assisting our friends does not harm anyone.  Consequently, the transference of money by Lucius Sulla and Gaius Caesar from its lawful owners to others ought not to be seen as liberal: nothing is liberal if it is not also just….for those who want to be kinder than their possessions allow first go wrong by being unjust to those nearest to them; they transfer to strangers resources which would more fairly be provided for, or left to, them.  Usually there lurks within such liberality a greediness to plunder and deprive unjustly, so that resources may be available for lavish gifts.” Marcus Tullius Cicero, On Duties I. 43-44. eds. and trans. M.T. Griffin and E.M. Atkins (Cambridge 1991), p. 19.

In this text Cicero is discussing the virtue of liberality, or generosity.  Although he called liberality a virtue, Cicero set forth significant caveats regarding the apparent practice of liberality.  Here the great orator of late Roman Republic warns against those who appear to be liberal (generous), but only with others’ money and property.  If our liberality causes harm to others, it cannot be truly liberal.  In this case, avarice wears the mask of liberality to carry out its nefarious design.

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Humanity, Social Life, Justice and Animals

“A social instinct is implanted in all men by nature, and yet he who first founded the state was the greatest of benefactors.  For man, when perfected, is the best of animals, but, when separated from law and justice, he is the worst of all; since armed injustice is the more dangerous, and he is equipped at birth with arms, meant to be used by intelligence and virtue, which he may use for the worst ends.  Wherefore, if he have not virtue, he is the most unholy and the most savage of animals, and the most full of lust and gluttony.  But justice is the bond of men in states, for the administration of justice, which is the determination of what is just, is the principle of order in political society.”  Aristotle, Politics, Book 1, Chapter 2.

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The Stomach of Your Memory

“We ought, therefore, in all that we learn, to gather brief and dependable abstracts to be stored in the little chest of the memory, so that later on, when need arises, we can derive everything else from them.  These one must often turn over in the mind and regurgitate from the stomach of one’s memory to taste them, lest by long inattention to them, they disappear.  I charge you, then, my student, not to rejoice a great deal because you may have read many things, but because you have been able to retain them.  Otherwise there is no profit in having read or understood much.  And for this reason I call to mind again what I said earlier: those who devote themselves to study require both aptitude and memory.” Hugh of St. Victor, Didascalicon, Book 3, Chapter 11. [Emphasis added]

For this reason, the word, rumination, has the various meanings.

 

 

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Education as the remedy for evil

“People by nature possess many common vices.  We are born with a large measure of barbarity.  Historic periods, peoples, undertakings have, as well, their own characteristic false morality and each individual man is fashioned by his own peculiar nature.  Finally, we imprudent men have lapsed into the worst habits through this very morality.  And unless a remedy is found for these evils, what, in the future, can be uncorrupted or enduring in the state?  Therefore I regard it absolutely necessary to restore to the states the ancient education which will then destroy, group by group, whatever is evil in morals, nature, habit, age, opinion, or ability.  For just as lawfully constituted states must have different kinds of artisans and artists, so they must have separate kinds of education.” Johann Sturm, “The Correct Opening of Elementary Schools of Letters (1538),” trans. Lewis W. Spitz and Barbara Sher Tinsley, Johann Sturm on Education (CPH: St Louis, 1995), p. 71

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History, politics, morals, and lawyers

“A lawyer is indeed unworthy of that title if he is ignorant of the things philosophers have established regarding the state and morals.  He should be removed from his post if he has not learned what his ancestors have done from whom he received the laws or if he has not read the histories of all ages.” Johann Sturm, “The Correct Opening of Elementary Schools of Letters (1538),” trans. Lewis W. Spitz and Barbara Sher Tinsley, Johann Sturm on Education (CPH: St Louis, 1995), p. 111.

Johann Sturm (16th-century teacher and Reformer) asserted that a knowledge of history, moral philosophy, and politics were essential for lawyers.  He made this statement to demonstrate how other arts and letters (liberal arts) support and inform the specific fields of law, medicine, and theology.

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Criminal gangs or kingdoms

“Remove justice, and what are kingdoms but gangs of criminals on a large scale? What are criminal gangs but petty kingdoms? A gang is a group of men under command of a leader, bound by a compact of association, in which the plunder is divided according to an agreed convention.  If this villainy wins so many recruits from the ranks of the demoralized that it acquires territory, establishes a base, captures cities and subdues peoples, it then openly arrogates to itself the title of kingdom, which is conferred on it in the eyes of the world, not by the renouncing of aggression but by the attainment of impunity.” Augustine of Hippo, Concerning the City of God IV. 4. trans. Henry Bettenson (London 1984), p. 139.  

 

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